Water is an indispensable resource for sustaining life, ecosystems, and economic productivity. However, increasing contamination and pollution pose severe threats to global water purity, with significant risks to human health, biodiversity, and ecosystem stability. These factors are essential in addressing the escalating threats to water quality and public health. This also explores the complex relationship between water contamination and food security, emphasising the role of water purification in disease prevention and sustainable food systems. It underscores the critical need for effective purification strategies, exploring challenges and potential solutions, including applications of artificial intelligence and big data. The study highlights mechanisms to enhance transparency and accountability in water resource management through an analysis of policy frameworks and innovative practices. By evaluating the effectiveness of current purification methods and regulatory standards, the study provides valuable insights for sustainable water protection initiatives. Findings from this study highlight global water access and quality disparities, and suggests the need for targeted strategies to promote equity and a coordinated, international response to safeguard water resources. This study offers robust theoretical support for environmental protection policies and advocates for stronger local capabilities in addressing regional water challenges. It delivers a comprehensive framework to mitigate pollution risks, protect biodiversity, and promote public health, underscoring the global urgency of securing clean water access.